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Joint Publication 3-05.1

Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Joint Special Operations

Task Force Operations

19 December 2001

Chapter IV: Operations

Military Deception: IV-11

a. Most SOF missions rely on secrecy and surprise for mission success. However, the execution of some SOF missions may require, or be enhanced by, deception operations. Such deception initiatives may serve as diversionary operations to focus enemy attention away from actual targets and objectives or prevent their recognition of SOF.

b. SOF may be employed in conducting or supporting military deception operations. Military deception operations that use or support SOF should not inadvertently heighten the enemy awareness of SOF operations.

Joint Publication 3-13.4

Military Deception

13 July 2006

Chapter I: General

Functions of Military Deception: I-3

The functions of Military Deception include:

a. Causing ambiguity, confusion, or misunderstanding in adversary perceptions of friendly critical information, which may include: unit identities, locations, movements, dispositions, weaknesses, capabilities, strengths, supply status, and intentions.

b. Causing the adversary to misallocate personnel, fiscal, and material resources in ways that are advantageous to the friendly force.

c. Causing the adversary to reveal strengths, dispositions, and future intentions.

d. Conditioning the adversary to particular patterns of friendly behavior to induce adversary perceptions that can be exploited by the joint force.

e. Causing the adversary to waste combat power with inappropriate or delayed actions.

Joint Publication 3-53

Doctrine for Joint Psychological Operations

5 September 2003

Chapter VI: Psychological Operations Across the Range of Military Operations

Psychological Operations Support to Special Operations and Interagency Operations: VI-8

a. Special Operations.

(1) Unconventional Warfare (UW). A major component of UW is psychological preparation of the battlespace. Conventional PSYOP techniques may be applicable during UW operations, but because of the changing operational environment, different target groups exist.

The four major UW targets of PSYOP are listed below.

(a) The Uncommitted. Members of the general populace who are neutral, but may doubt the potential success of a resistance organization or friendly government supported by the United States and its allies or coalition partners. PSYOP efforts focus on obtaining the support of these neutral citizens for a US-backed resistance movement or government.

(b) Hostile Sympathizers. Hostile sympathizers can be categorized as willing collaborators, persons under duress, or passive hostile sympathizers. PSYOP are used to halt or prevent the sympathizer’s support by sowing doubt as the validity of the hostile power’s actions and instilling fear for collaborating.

(c) Hostile Military Forces. Hostile military forces may be government forces, an occupying power, or other forces helping the hostile government. The hostile military forces’ nationality may or may not be the same as the populace. PSYOP directed at this foreign TA seek to provoke feelings of isolation to the point of distrust of one another, and insecurity about the outcome of the struggle and the legitimacy of their cause.

(d) Resistance Sympathizers. Resistance sympathizers are in favor of the resistance movement’s goals but are not active members of a resistance organization. PSYOP promote the foreign TA active support or passive cooperation.

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